Articles & reflections on learning

Short, actionable content about memory and learning, to help you use flashcards and spaced repetition. Goal: make steady progress with a simple, consistent method that fits your needs.

Short articles to go deeper than our guides—no jargon, with concrete examples.

Latest articles

Why spaced repetition really works: science, algorithms, and practice

Fundamentals

How spaced repetition works, why it beats simple re-reading, and how to apply it in practice with an algorithm like FSRS.

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How to Structure a Clear Talk or Presentation

Method

Barbara Minto's pyramid principle (start with the answer), the working-memory limit (Miller, 1956; Cowan, 2001), and the chronological-walkthrough mistake.

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How to Run Effective Meetings

Method

Patrick Lencioni's 4 meeting formats (2004), the real cost of poorly calibrated meetings (Perlow, Hadley & Eun, 2017), and the mistake that mixes information, discussion, and decision.

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How to Run Effective One-to-One Meetings

Method

Andy Grove's method (1983): why the one-to-one is a manager's highest-leverage activity, and the mistake that defeats its purpose.

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Managing Conflict at Work

Method

The 5 conflict-handling styles (Thomas & Kilmann, 1974), common sources of workplace tension, and why task conflict is not automatically healthy (De Dreu & Weingart, 2003).

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Cognitive Biases in Decision-Making

Fundamentals

System 1 / System 2 (Kahneman, 2011), sunk cost (Arkes & Blumer, 1985) and groupthink (Janis, 1972) — and why knowing about them is not enough.

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How to Prepare for a Negotiation: BATNA and Method

Method

BATNA and principled negotiation from Fisher, Ury & Patton (1981) — calculate your best alternative and separate interests from positions.

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How to Delegate Effectively Without Micromanaging

Method

Appelo's 7 levels of delegation (2010) and Hersey & Blanchard's model (1969) to calibrate each delegation to the person.

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Leadership vs Management: What's the Difference?

Fundamentals

Management copes with complexity, leadership copes with change (Kotter, 1990) — and why treating them as opposites is a common misunderstanding.

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How to Handle Difficult Conversations: The STATE Method

Method

The three conversations in one (Stone, Patton & Heen, 1999), the STATE method, and the silence-or-attack reflex that derails the exchange.

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How to Give Constructive Feedback: Method and Mistakes to Avoid

Method

The SBI model, the Radical Candor framework (Kim Scott, 2017), and why a third of feedback interventions hurt performance according to Kluger & DeNisi (1996).

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Assertive Communication: Setting Boundaries and Saying No

Method

Where the concept comes from (Salter, Wolpe, Smith), the DESC method for saying no, and the mistake that undoes an otherwise legitimate refusal: over-justifying.

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Active Listening: Definition, Techniques and Mistakes

Method

Where the concept comes from (Rogers & Farson, 1957), the techniques that actually work (reflecting, SOLER), and the most common mistake: mechanical "parroting" without real understanding.

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ETL vs ELT: differences, tools and when to use each

Fundamentals

ETL and ELT explained: Fivetran, dbt, Airflow, Spark, and how to choose the right approach for your data stack.

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Data Lake, Data Warehouse and Lakehouse: complete guide

Fundamentals

Understanding the three data storage architectures: when to use a DWH (Snowflake, BigQuery), a Data Lake, or a Lakehouse (Delta Lake, Iceberg).

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Data Governance: definition, roles and implementation

Fundamentals

Data governance explained: CDO, Data Owner, Data Steward, DAMA DMBOK, tools (Collibra, Alation, Great Expectations) and where to start.

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Business Intelligence and KPI: complete guide

Fundamentals

BI and KPIs explained: tools (Power BI, Tableau, Looker), dimensional modeling (star schema), semantic layer and building meaningful indicators.

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SQL for data analysis: from basic SELECT to window functions

Method

Window functions, CTEs, query optimization and common analytical patterns for Data Analysts and Data Engineers.

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RAG — Retrieval Augmented Generation: how it works and use cases

Fundamentals

Embeddings, vector databases (Pinecone, pgvector), chunking, reranking and RAG limitations: everything Data Engineers and ML Engineers need to master.

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Data Mesh, Data Products and Data Contracts: complete guide

Fundamentals

Data Mesh: 4 founding principles (Dehghani), FAIR Data Products, Data Contracts (dbt, Soda, ODCS), federated governance. Guide for Data Architects and Heads of Data.

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MLOps: machine learning model lifecycle in production

Method

From training to monitoring: CI/CD ML, model registry (MLflow), feature store (Feast), drift detection (Evidently) and retraining. ML Engineer and Data Scientist guide.

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Introduction to Machine Learning: core concepts and algorithms

Fundamentals

AI vs ML vs Deep Learning, supervised/unsupervised/reinforcement learning, key algorithms (Random Forest, XGBoost, neural networks), ML pipeline and model evaluation.

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Feature Engineering: transform raw data into predictive variables

Method

Normalization, encoding, temporal variables, interactions, Lasso, SHAP and offline/online feature stores. The discipline that determines 80% of your ML model performance.

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Memorize English vocabulary with flashcards: the method

Method

A practical method to retain English vocabulary long term: target volume, card format, collocations, false friends, and a daily routine.

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Prepare TOEIC, DELF, or JLPT with flashcards

Method

A practical certification workflow with target vocabulary decks, spaced repetition planning, and exam-specific preparation for TOEIC, DELF, JLPT, and HSK.

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Memorize vocabulary efficiently: techniques and methods

Method

Keyword mnemonics, dual coding, contextual learning, and emotional anchoring: cognitive techniques that make your flashcards more effective.

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Flashcards for PASS, LAS, and EDN: the complete strategy

Method

Deck-by-unit structure, daily review routine, and key mistakes to avoid for high-volume medical exam prep.

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Flashcards in preparatory classes and top-school entrance exams

Method

A practical CPGE workflow to memorize authors, theories, key data, and references you can mobilize in written and oral exams.

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Civil-service exams and CRFPA: memorize with flashcards

Method

Thematic deck structure, legal-precision cards, updated key data, and a practical 9-month preparation timeline.

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Revise for the French bac with flashcards: the method that replaces passive notes

Method

A practical subject-by-subject workflow with a realistic daily routine for long-term high-school retention.

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Flashcards for onboarding: integrate new employees more effectively

Method

Processes, tools, product knowledge, and culture: a post-onboarding retention method that accelerates ramp-up.

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Memorize regulations and compliance procedures with flashcards

Method

GDPR, IT security, labor law, food safety — how to use flashcards to memorize compliance obligations precisely and keep them active.

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Prepare for IT certifications with flashcards

Method

AWS, Azure, CISSP, CKA, CompTIA — domain-based strategy, effective card formats, and preparation planning.

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Prepare PMP, ITIL 4, and Prince2 with flashcards

Method

Terminology, processes, and reference formulas: a practical memorization strategy for business certifications.

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How to memorize book content with flashcards

Method

Turn non-fiction reading into flashcards to retain key ideas, facts, and concepts long-term.

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Build your general culture with flashcards

Method

History, geography, science, and economics: build a progressive, durable deck with spaced repetition.

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Memorize cognitive biases with flashcards

Method

Confirmation bias, Dunning-Kruger effect, anchoring — create a useful psychology deck applicable to daily life.

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Learn effectively as an adult

Method

Adult brain plasticity, advantages of the mature learner, light and sustainable learning routine.

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How memory works: encoding, consolidation, retrieval

Fundamentals

A foundational article to understand how memory is built and why active retrieval is central to long-term learning.

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The Ebbinghaus forgetting curve: understand and counter forgetting

Method

Why we forget quickly, what the forgetting curve really describes, and how spaced repetition counteracts it.

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Active recall: definition, mechanism, and scientific evidence

Method

Why testing yourself beats rereading, and how to apply active recall in simple daily practice.

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Spaced repetition: how it works and why it lasts

Method

Understand the science of spacing, SRS algorithms, optimal intervals, and practical implementation.

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The illusion of competence: why rereading is not enough

Method

Rereading often feels productive but misleads learning. Understand the bias and switch to retrieval-based practice.

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Neuroplasticity and learning: what neuroscience changes

Fundamentals

How the brain physically remodels through learning, and what this changes for spacing, sleep, and memory consolidation.

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How to create great flashcards

Fundamentals

One idea per card, useful examples, the right format (QR/MCQ/TF), and a simple checklist.

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Flashcards vs rereading: what science really says

Method

Why rereading creates an illusion of mastery, and how flashcard retrieval practice leads to stronger long-term retention.

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Spaced repetition and flashcards: how to combine them effectively

Method

SM-2 vs FSRS, daily routine, and deck organization: a practical method for durable long-term retention.

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Digital vs paper flashcards: what should you choose for your profile?

Method

A practical comparison of both formats: spaced repetition, manageable volume, progress tracking, and the recommended hybrid workflow.

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Anki alternative: Memia vs Anki, an honest comparison

Method

Algorithms, AI card creation, mobile UX, and community decks: choose the best tool for your learning profile.

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Quizlet alternative: Memia vs Quizlet in 2026

Method

Spaced repetition, study modes, community sets, and pricing: when Quizlet fits, and when Memia is a better match.

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Best flashcard app in 2026

Method

Full comparison of Memia, Anki, Quizlet, Brainscape, and RemNote by learning profile and retention goals.

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IaaS, PaaS, SaaS: Understanding the 3 Cloud Service Models

Fundamentals

Definitions, shared responsibility and selection criteria to understand the IaaS, PaaS and SaaS models, with examples from Azure, AWS and Google Cloud.

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Public, Private, Hybrid, Multicloud: What's the Difference?

Fundamentals

Definitions, the essential difference between hybrid and multicloud, use cases and selection criteria for cloud deployment models.

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Shared Responsibility in the Cloud: Who Secures What?

Fundamentals

The shared responsibility model between cloud provider and customer: boundaries, variations across IaaS/PaaS/SaaS, common mistakes and regulatory implications.

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Cloud Regions, Availability Zones, Resilience: The Complete Guide

Fundamentals

Regions, availability zones, edge locations, SLAs, RTO/RPO and disaster recovery strategies for building a resilient cloud architecture.

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FinOps: Understanding and Managing Cloud Costs

Fundamentals

The FinOps Foundation framework (Inform, Optimize, Operate), the 6 FinOps principles, cloud cost optimization levers, and the specific challenges of AI/GPU costs in 2026.

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IAM, Security and Cloud Governance: The Complete Guide

Fundamentals

Zero trust, the least privilege principle, RBAC vs ABAC, non-human identity governance and multi-cloud guardrails for structuring identity and access management in the cloud.

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AWS vs Azure vs Google Cloud: How to Choose in 2026

Fundamentals

Comparing market share, respective strengths and best-fit use cases of AWS, Azure and Google Cloud, with concrete criteria for choosing based on your context.

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Cloud Sovereignty, Portability, Reversibility: The Complete Guide

Fundamentals

Digital sovereignty, the European Data Act regulation, technical portability and contractual reversibility for understanding cloud sovereignty issues.

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